Performance on the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ-III).

Recent research shows that preschool children born to opioid-dependent mothers are at increased risk for cognitive, psychomotor, attention, and social-emotional adjustment...

Educational delay on the WJ-III.

Teacher ratings of children’s achievement across the school curriculum.

Summary of Logistic regression analysis for confounding factors associated with educational delay (0 = no delay, 1 = delay).

Sample characteristics.