aGDS: Geriatric Depression Scale;bdifferences in proportions: χ2-test; differences in means: t-test; SD: standard deviation.

Note: ***, ** and * indicate significance at 1, 5 and 10% level, respectively Maximum Likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier production models.

*** p<0.001; ** p<0.01; * p<0.05; SE: bootstrapped standard error (2,000 replications); aGDS: Geriatric Depression Scale; bPrivate health insurance including others.

aGDS: Geriatric Depression Scale;bdifferences in means of costs per respondent between GDS<6 and GDS≥6: t-test;cproportion of users in 6-month period;dproportion of users in...

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Recorded resources and source of monetary valuation, by health care sector.

Contribution of TST and AMI to ascendency in Beijing.

Population Characteristics & Services Used.

(a)Changes for the total sample TFP change decomposition by years (model B2)a.

Values are presented as Mean ±SEM. Abbreviations: fWHR [34]; EME [44]; ULh, LLh and Nw [33]; Index 1 [47], Index 2 [48], [50], Index 3 [10], [49], ProcDist [54], [79], DiscSco1...

TPT represents transportation, post and telecommunication.CD represents commercial and diet.

Reference group for diagnosis is substance use disorder.

(a)Mean changes for the total sample (1990–2008) TFP change decompositiona.